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Number of employees 37,200 (2017) Website Xerox Corporation (also known as Xerox, stylized as xerox since 2008, and previously as XEROX from 1960 to 2008) is an American global corporation that sells document solutions [ ] and services, and document technology products in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in (moved from in October 2007), though its largest population of employees is based around, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased for $6.4 billion in early 2010.

As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of companies. On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations into a new publicly traded company,. Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business, and continues to trade on the. Researchers at Xerox and its invented several important elements of, such as the, the and. These concepts were frowned upon by the then board of directors, who ordered the Xerox engineers to share them with technicians [ ]. The concepts were adopted by Apple and, later,.

With the help of these innovations, Apple and Microsoft came to dominate the personal computing revolution of the 1980s, whereas Xerox was not a major player. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company, which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder 'toner'. However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a., credited as the 'founder of Xerox', took over Haloid from his father. He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971. Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid coined the term from two Greek roots meaning 'dry writing'.

Haloid subsequently changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961. Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its speed of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker for the Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses in the market. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal, complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate.

Clever electrics turned this into a quick developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share. The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer which could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative.

Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier. The Xerox 914 [ ]. Main article: The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914, 'the most successful single product of all time.' The 914, the first was developed by Carlson and; it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue.

The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of future Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965. 1960s [ ] The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires of some long-suffering investors who had nursed the company through the slow research and development phase of the product. In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the in 1961 and on the in 1990.

In 1963 Xerox introduced the, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer. Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as, this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter).

This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator. Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing 914 copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect two copiers using the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964.

Many years later this work came to fruition in the Xerox telecopiers, seminal to today's. The fax operation in today's multifunction copiers is true to Carlson's original vision for these devices. In 1968,, a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO. The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown, with its 30-story. Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions.

It purchased in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963, and in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired (SDS), which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the line and its successor XDS 5xx series of in the 1960s and 1970s. Xeros sold XDS to in 1975. Xerox Training Center 1970s [ ] was named president of the company in 1971. During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first. During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record, and in 1973, 1974, and 1975. John Carrol became a backer, later spreading the company throughout North America.

[ ] In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the 'Xerox 9200 Duplicating System'. Originally designed to be sold to print shops, to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control. [ ] In a 1975 for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring 'Brother Dominic', a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying. Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing. Dominic, portrayed by, became the face of Xerox into the 1980s.

Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of. The Xerox resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of the consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. Market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%. In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed Xerox Telecommunications Network (XTEN) for local-loop communications.

However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to at a loss. 1980s [ ], a Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line.

Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the Memorywriter, which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM. In 1983 Xerox bought, an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984. In 1985 Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R.R. Xerox 'Pixellated X' logo introduced in 1994 In 1990, a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age. Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry.

Development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released the Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as Multi Function Machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. In 1993, Xerox moved its European research center in near. To reinforce this image, in 1994 the company introduced a corporate signature, 'The Document Company', above its main logo and introduced a red digital X.

The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds. In the mid-1990s LA County Superior Court turned to Xerox for help in replacing nearly 500 aging copiers throughout LA County, but Xerox refused to consider leasing. The County instead went to. Xerox was shut out of the County for the next two years. In April 1999 Allaire was succeeded by, who had been brought in from in 1997 as president. The first 'outsider' to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000. 2000s [ ] After Thoman's resignation Allaire again resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of, another long-term Xerox executive.

Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002. She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development. In 2000, Xerox acquired color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million.

This led to the current line of products as well as Xerox printing technology. In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of as an artifact in the. In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of.

XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing, was the first acquisition of Xerox to remain independent entity, as a Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by its original founder In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. Was named one of by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the newspaper.

On May 21, 2009, it was announced that would succeed Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. On July 1, 2009, Burns became the first woman to head a company the size of Xerox.

On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of, a services and company, for $6.4 Billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $6.4 billion, or $63.11 a share for the company. 2010s [ ] In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum.

NewField IT developed the Asset DB toolset which is widely used across the managed print services (MPS) market along with MPS market-leading consulting and software services delivering a large impact for this relatively small acquisition. In December 2013, Xerox sold their Wilsonville, Oregon product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from to for $32.5 million in cash. In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from to for 1,050,000,000. This move was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units. In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder —announced that by the end of the year it would its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own.

The name and management of the new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn will appoint three members of the new company's, and he will choose a person to advise its search for a In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named. It also announced that will serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn will control three seats on the new company's board.

It continues to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business. In June 2016 the company announced that will become the new CEO following the completion of the company’s planned separation. This became effective in January 2017. Digital printing [ ] The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher by modifying a Xerox 7000 copier. Xerox management was afraid the product version of Starkweather's invention, which became the 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so the innovation sat in limbo until IBM launched the laser printer in 1976. The first commercial non-impact printer was the Xerox 1200, introduced in 1973, based on the 3600 copier. It had an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.

In 1977, following IBM's laser printer introduction, the was introduced. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox. In the late 1970s Xerox introduced the 'Xerox 350 color slide system' This product allowed the customer to create digital word and graphic 35mm slides. Many of the concepts used in today's 'Photo Shop' programs were pioneered with this technology. In 1980, Xerox announced the forward looking 5700 laser printing system, a much smaller version of their 9700, but with revolutionary touch screen capabilities and multiple media input (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc. English Rules Homework Program 3d here. ) and printer 'finishing' options. This product was allegedly never intended to make the commercial markets due to its development cost, but rather to show the innovation of Xerox. It did take off with many customers, but was soon replaced with its still smaller and lower cost offering in 1982.

Palo Alto Research Center [ ]. The workstation was developed at Xerox PARC. In 1970, under company president, Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility developed many modern computing technologies such as the (GUI),, text editors and.

From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a modern. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given its versatile combination of a cathode-ray-type screen, mouse-type pointing device, and a QWERTY-type alphanumeric keyboard.

But the Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, worldwide and those of the US Government and military, who could see the potential. Within these sites the individual workstations were connected together by Xerox's own unique LAN, The Ethernet. Data was sent around this system of heavy, yellow, low loss coaxial cable using the packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest protocol suites, the (PUP). In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He would let them invest $1 million in exchange for a look at the technology they were working on.

Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the (Window, Icon, Menu, and Pointing device) system and redirected development of the to incorporate these technologies. Jobs is quoted as saying, 'They just had no idea what they had.' In 1980, Jobs invited several key PARC researchers to join his company so that they could fully develop and implement their ideas. In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to the Alto, the. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies that have subsequently become commonplace in personal computers, such as a bitmapped display, window-based GUI, mouse, networking,, and. The Xerox Star and its successor the, despite their technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, costing $16,000 per unit. A typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printers, would have cost $100,000.

In the mid-1980s, considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached. [ ] Apple instead bought rights to the Alto GUI and adapted it into to a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The was released in 1984, and was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse among the public. In 2002, PARC was spun off into an independent wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox.

Chief Executives [ ] Chief executives Name Title Tenure Photo George C. Seager President 1906–1912 Gilbert E. Mosher President 1912–1938 Joseph R. Wilson President 1938–1946 President CEO 1946–1966 1961–1967 CEO 1968–1982 CEO 1982 – July 31, 1990 CEO August 1, 1990 – April 6, 1999 CEO April 7, 1999 – May 10, 2000 Paul A. Allaire CEO May 11, 2000 – July 31, 2001 CEO August 1, 2001 – July 1, 2009 CEO July 1, 2009 – December 31, 2016 CEO January 1, 2017 – Present Products and services [ ] Xerox manufactures and sells a wide variety of office equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model families include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube. For the graphic communications and commercial print industries, the Xerox product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing presses, production printers, and wide format printers that use xerographic and inkjet printing technologies.

Product families include iGen, Nuvera, DocuPrint, Impika's product (Trivor, iPrint and Rialto). Corporate structure [ ]. Xerox logo 1968–2008 designed. Although Xerox is a global, it maintains a joint venture,, with Japanese photographic firm to develop, produce and sell in the - region. Fuji Photo Film Co. Is currently the majority stakeholder, with 75% of the shareholding., formerly Modi Xerox, is Xerox's Indian subsidiary derived from a joint venture formed between Dr.

Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox obtained a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy out the remaining shareholders. NewField IT is a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox that implements and supports third party software for MPS providers. Xerox now sponsors the Factory Ducati Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name of the 'Xerox Ducati'. Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s European operations,, later extended to Asia and Africa, has been fully owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. The Rank Xerox name was discontinued following the buyout, and the Rank Xerox Research Centre was renamed to the Xerox Research Centre Europe. Accounting irregularities [ ] On May 31, 2001, Xerox Corporation announced that its auditors, KPMG LLP, had certified Xerox's financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2000.

And the financials included some restatements. On March 31, 2002, Xerox restated its financials which reflected the reallocation of equipment sales revenue of more than $2 billion. On April 11, 2002, the U.S. Filed a complaint against Xerox. The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several 'accounting maneuvers,' the most significant of which was a change in which Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases – recognizing a 'sale' when a lease contract was signed, instead of recognizing revenue over the entire length of the contract.

At issue was when the revenue was recognized, not the validity of the revenue. Xerox's restatement only changed what year the revenue was recognized. On December 20, 2002, Xerox Corporation reported that it had discovered an error in the calculation of its non-cash interest expense related to a debt instrument and associated interest rate swap agreements, resulted in after-tax understatement of interest expense of approximately $5 million to $6 million or less than 1 cent per share in each of the four quarters of 2001 and for the first three quarters of 2002. In response to the complaint, Xerox Corporation neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. It agreed to pay a $10 million penalty and to restate its financial results for the years 1997 through 2000.

On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled their issues with the SEC and neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. They agreed to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest.

The company received approval to settle the securities lawsuit in 2008. On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against Xerox's auditors,, alleging four partners in the 'Big Five' accounting firm permitted Xerox to 'cook the books' to fill a $3 billion 'gap' in revenue and $1.4 billion 'gap' in pre-tax earnings. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a US$22.48 million fine.

Meanwhile, Xerox paid a civil penalty of $10 million. As part of the settlement KPMG neither admits nor denies wrongdoings. During settlement with the, Xerox began to revamp itself once more. As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word 'Xerox' was increased in proportion to 'The Document Company' on the corporate signature and the latter was dropped altogether in September-2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and 'The Document Company' were still used by until April-2008.

Character substitution bug [ ] In 2013, German computer scientist David Kriesel discovered an in a Xerox WorkCentre 7535 copier. The device would substitute number digits in scanned documents, even when was turned off. For instance, a cost table in a scanned document had an entry of 85.40, instead of the original sum of 65.40. After unsuccessfully trying to resolve this issue with Xerox's customer support, he publicised his findings on his blog.

Providing examples pages that lead to the bug occurrence, it was confirmed that this bug was reproducible on a wide variety of Xerox WorkCentre and other high-end Xerox copiers. The source of the error was a bug in the implementation, which is an image compression standard that makes use of pattern matching to encode identical characters only once. While this provides a high level of compression, it is susceptible to errors in identifying similar characters.

A possible workaround was published by Kriesel, which involved setting the image quality from 'normal' to 'higher' or 'high'. Shortly afterwards it was found that the same fix had been suggested in the printer manual, which mentioned the occurrence of character substitutions in 'normal mode', indicating that Xerox was aware of the software error.

In Xerox's initial response to a growing interest by the media, the error was described as occurring rarely and only when factory settings had been changed. After Kriesel provided evidence that the error was also occurring in all three image quality modes (normal, higher and high) including the factory defaults, Xerox corrected their statement and released a software patch to eliminate the problem. Despite the problem being present in some instances also in higher quality mode, Xerox advises users that they can use this mode as an alternative to applying the patch.

Trademark [ ] The word 'xerox' is used as a synonym for 'photocopy' (both as a noun and a ) in many areas; for example,' I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk.' Or ' Please make a xeroxed copy of the articles and hand them out a week before the exam'. Though both are common, the company does not condone such uses of its trademark, and is particularly concerned about the ongoing use of Xerox as a verb as this places the trademark in danger of being declared a by the courts. The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb.

To this end, the company has written to publications that have used Xerox as a verb, and has also purchased print advertisements declaring that 'you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying machine'. Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademark in most if not all trademark categories. [ ] Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to include the use of 'xerox' as a verb, including the. In 2012, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) of declared 'xerox' a non-generic term after 'almost 50 years (1963–2009) of continued existence on the register without challenge, and with proof of almost 44 years of use evident (1965-2009)', but as of 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.

See also [ ]. Xerox Corporation. Retrieved May 17, 2014.

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It was a whole life that started for him after the age of 50 and it turned out to be the most memorable and lucrative part of his career.' Business Week. March 5, 2001. Archived from on October 27, 2015.

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References [ ] •, Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine,, 2004,. •, and the Creation of Xerox,, 2006,.

External links [ ] Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.