• 1974 () • 1977 () • 1977–1979 ( ) • 1981 () • 1983–1986 () • 1989 () • 1991 ( ) • 2000 () • 2003 () • 2008 () • 2014 () Years active 1974–present Genre(s) System(s) Dungeons & Dragons (3rd Edition) Playing time Varies Random chance rolling Skill(s) required,,, Website Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a (RPG) originally designed by and. It was first published in 1974 by (TSR). The game has been published by (now a subsidiary of ) since 1997. It was derived from with a variation of serving as the initial rule system. D&D 's publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry. D&D departs from traditional and assigns each player a specific to play instead of a.

These characters embark upon imaginary adventures within a fantasy. A serves as the game's referee and storyteller while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur, and playing the role of the inhabitants. The characters form a party that interacts with the setting's inhabitants, and each other.

Together they solve dilemmas, engage in battles, and gather treasure and knowledge. In the process the characters earn in order to rise in levels, and become increasingly powerful over a series of sessions. The early success of Dungeons & Dragons led to a proliferation of similar game systems. Despite the competition, D&D has remained as the market leader in the role-playing game industry. In 1977, the game was split into two branches: the relatively rules-light game system of and the more structured, rules-heavy game system of (abbreviated as AD&D).

AD&D 2nd Edition was published in 1989. In 2000, a new system was released as Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition. These rules formed the basis of the which is available under the (OGL) for use by other publishers. Dungeons & Dragons version 3.5 was released in June 2003, with a (non-OGL) 4th edition in June 2008. A 5th edition was released during the second half of 2014. As of 2004, Dungeons & Dragons remained the best-known and best-selling role-playing game, with an estimated 20 million people having played the game and more than 1 billion in book and equipment sales.

The game has been supplemented by many as well as commercial suitable for use by regular gaming groups. Dungeons & Dragons is known beyond the game for other,, and some of the that have surrounded it, particularly a in the 1980s falsely linking it to and. The game has won multiple awards and has been translated into many languages beyond the original English. A D&D game session in progress Dungeons & Dragons is a structured yet open-ended role-playing game. It is normally played indoors with the participants seated around a tabletop. Typically, each player controls only a single character, which represents an individual in a fictional setting.

Chivalry Sorcery 5Th Edition. Chivalry and Sorcery. In the last episode Beorn had just received a mysterious and threatening note from the mysterious and threatening Jak the Black. Two of his friends are missing. Beorn's obvious reaction is to. Now there is a certain Homeresque quality to “My friends are in. A list of products, cover scans, and sources for purchase of these out-of-print books for the Buck Rogers/XX role playing game.

When working together as a group, these (PCs) are often described as a 'party' of adventurers, with each member often having their own area of specialty which contributes to the success of the whole. During the course of play, each player directs the actions of their character and their interactions with other characters in the game. This activity is performed through the verbal impersonation of the characters by the players, while employing a variety of social and other useful cognitive skills, such as logic, basic mathematics and imagination. A game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a '. The results of the party's choices and the overall storyline for the game are determined by the (DM) according to the rules of the game and the DM's interpretation of those rules. The DM selects and describes the various (NPCs) that the party encounters, the settings in which these interactions occur, and the outcomes of those encounters based on the players' choices and actions. Encounters often take the form of battles with ' – a generic term used in D&D to describe potentially hostile beings such as animals, aberrant beings, or mythical creatures.

The game's extensive rules – which cover diverse subjects such as social interactions,, combat, and the effect of the environment on PCs – help the DM to make these decisions. The DM may choose to deviate from the published rules or make up new ones if they feel it is necessary.

The 'version 3.5' three core rulebooks The most recent versions of the game's rules are detailed in three: The, the and the. The only items required to play the game are the rulebooks, a for each player, and a number of. Many players also use miniature figures on a grid map as a visual aid, particularly during combat. Some editions of the game presume such usage. Many optional accessories are available to enhance the game, such as expansion rulebooks, pre-designed adventures and various. Game mechanics [ ].

D&D uses polyhedral dice to resolve random events. These are abbreviated by a 'd' followed by the number of sides.

Shown counter-clockwise from the bottom are: d4, d6, d8, d10, d12 and d20 dice. A pair of d10 can be used together to represent percentile dice, or d100.

Before the game begins, each player their player character and records the details (described below) on a character sheet. First, a player determines their character's, which consist of Strength, Constitution, Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom, and Charisma. Each edition of the game has offered differing methods of determining these statistics. The player then chooses a (species) such as human or elf, a (occupation) such as fighter or wizard, an (a moral and ethical outlook), and other features to round out the character's abilities and backstory, which have varied in nature through differing editions. During the game, players describe their PC's intended actions, such as punching an opponent or picking a lock, and converse with the DM, who then describes the result or response. Trivial actions, such as picking up a letter or opening an unlocked door, are usually automatically successful. The outcomes of more complex or risky actions are determined by rolling dice.

Factors contributing to the outcome include the character's ability scores, skills and the difficulty of the task. In circumstances where a character does not have control of an event, such as when a trap or magical effect is triggered or a spell is cast, a can be used to determine whether the resulting damage is reduced or avoided. In this case the odds of success are influenced by the character's class, levels and ability scores.

As the game is played, each PC changes over time and generally increases in capability. Characters gain (or sometimes lose) experience, skills and wealth, and may even alter their alignment or gain. The key way characters progress is by earning (XP), which happens when they defeat an enemy or accomplish a difficult task. Acquiring enough XP allows a PC to advance a, which grants the character improved class features, abilities and skills. XP can be lost in some circumstances, such as encounters with creatures that drain life energy, or by use of certain magical powers that come with an XP cost.

(HP) are a measure of a character's vitality and health and are determined by the class, level and constitution of each character. They can be temporarily lost when a character sustains wounds in combat or otherwise comes to harm, and loss of HP is the most common way for a character to die in the game.

Death can also result from the loss of key ability scores or character levels. When a PC dies, it is often possible for the dead character to be resurrected through magic, although some penalties may be imposed as a result. If resurrection is not possible or not desired, the player may instead create a new PC to resume playing the game.

Adventures, campaigns, and modules [ ]. Main article: A typical Dungeons & Dragons game consists of an 'adventure', which is roughly equivalent to a single story.

The DM can either design an adventure on their own, or follow one of the many pre-made adventures (also known as 'modules') that have been published throughout the history of Dungeons & Dragons. Published adventures typically include a background story, illustrations, maps and goals for PCs to achieve. Some include location descriptions and handouts. Although a small adventure entitled ' was included in the rules supplement in 1975, the first stand-alone D&D module published by TSR was 1978's, written by Gygax. A linked series of adventures is commonly referred to as a '.

The locations where these adventures occur, such as a city, country, planet or an entire, are referred to as ' or 'world'. D&D settings are based in various fantasy genres and feature different levels and types of magic and technology. Popular commercially published include,,,,,,,,, and. Alternatively, DMs may develop their own fictional worlds to use as campaign settings. Miniature figures [ ]. Dungeons & Dragons miniature figures. The grid mat underneath uses one-inch squares.

The from which Dungeons & Dragons evolved used miniature figures to represent combatants. D&D initially continued the use of miniatures in a fashion similar to its direct precursors. The original D&D set of 1974 required the use of the miniatures game for combat resolution. By the publication of the 1977 game editions, combat was mostly resolved verbally. Thus miniatures were no longer required for game play, although some players continued to use them as a visual reference. In the 1970s, numerous companies began to sell miniature figures specifically for Dungeons & Dragons and similar games. Licensed miniature manufacturers who produced official figures include (1980–1983), (1984–1986),, and TSR itself.

Most of these miniatures used the 25 mm scale. Periodically, Dungeons & Dragons has returned to its wargaming roots with supplementary rules systems for miniatures-based wargaming. Supplements such as (1985 & 1989) and a new edition of Chainmail (2001) provided rule systems to handle battles between armies by using miniatures. Game history [ ] Sources and influences [ ]. Main article: An immediate predecessor of Dungeons & Dragons was a set of medieval miniature rules written. These were expanded by, whose additions included a fantasy supplement, before the game was published as Chainmail.

When entered the Army in 1970, his friend and fellow Napoleonics wargamer began a medieval variation of Wesely's games, where players control individuals instead of armies. Arneson used Chainmail to resolve combat. As play progressed, Arneson added such innovations as character classes, experience points, level advancement, armor class, and others. Having partnered previously with Gygax on, Arneson introduced Gygax to his Blackmoor game and the two then collaborated on developing 'The Fantasy Game', the role-playing game (RPG) that became Dungeons & Dragons, with the final writing and preparation of the text being done by Gygax. The name was chosen by Gygax's two-year-old daughter Cindy — upon being presented with a number of choices of possible names, she exclaimed, 'Oh Daddy, I like Dungeons and Dragons best!' : 101 Many Dungeons & Dragons elements appear in hobbies of the mid-to-late 20th century.

For example, character-based role playing can be seen in. Game-world simulations were well developed in wargaming. Fantasy milieux specifically designed for gaming could be seen in 's board games among others. Ultimately, however, Dungeons & Dragons represents a unique blending of these elements. The world of D&D was influenced by world mythology, history,, and contemporary fantasy novels. The importance of 's and as an influence on D&D is controversial. The presence in the game of,,,,,, and the like, draw comparisons to these works.

The resemblance was even closer before the threat of copyright action from prompted the name changes of to 'halfling', to ', and to '. For many years, Gygax played down the influence of Tolkien on the development of the game. However, in an interview in 2000, he acknowledged that Tolkien's work had a 'strong impact'. The D&D magic system, in which wizards memorize spells that are used up once cast and must be re-memorized the next day, was heavily influenced by the stories and novels of.

The original alignment system (which grouped all characters and creatures into 'Law', 'Neutrality' and 'Chaos') was derived from the novel. A troll described in this work influenced the D&D definition of that monster. Other influences include the works of,,,,,,,, and. Monsters, spells, and magic items used in the game have been inspired by hundreds of individual works such as 'Black Destroyer', (the ), 's ' ( sword) and the (the clerical spell 'Blade Barrier' was inspired by the ' which turned every way' at the gates of ). Edition history [ ]. The original Dungeons & Dragons set. The, now referred to as OD&D, was a small box set of three booklets published in 1974.

It was amateurish in production and assumed the player was familiar with wargaming. Nevertheless, it grew rapidly in popularity, first among wargamers and then expanding to a more general audience of college and high school students. Roughly 1,000 copies of the game were sold in the first year followed by 3,000 in 1975, and much more in the following years. This first set went through many printings and was supplemented with several official additions, such as the original and Blackmoor supplements (both 1975), as well as magazine articles in TSR's official publications and many. Two-pronged strategy [ ]. First edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Dungeon Masters Guide.

In early 1977, TSR created the first element of a two-pronged strategy that would divide D&D for nearly two decades. A boxed edition was introduced that cleaned up the presentation of the essential rules, made the system understandable to the general public, and was sold in a package that could be stocked in toy stores. Later in 1977, the first part of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons ( AD&D) was published, which brought together the various published rules, options and corrections, then expanded them into a definitive, unified game for hobbyist gamers. TSR marketed them as an introductory game for new players and a more complex game for experienced ones; the Basic Set directed players who exhausted the possibilities of that game to switch to the advanced rules. As a result of this parallel development, the basic game included many rules and concepts which contradicted comparable ones in AD&D., the editor of the basic game, preferred a lighter tone with more room for personal improvisation. AD&D, on the other hand, was designed to create a tighter, more structured game system than the loose framework of the original game. Between 1977 and 1979, three hardcover rulebooks, commonly referred to as the 'core rulebooks', were released: the (PHB), the (DMG), and the (MM).

Several supplementary books were published throughout the 1980s, notably (1985) that included a large number of new rules. Confusing matters further, the original D&D boxed set remained in publication until 1979, since it remained a healthy seller for TSR. Revised editions [ ] In the 1980s, the rules for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and 'basic' Dungeons & Dragons remained separate, each developing along different paths.

In 1981, the basic version of Dungeons & Dragons was revised by to make it even more novice-friendly. It was promoted as a continuation of the original D&D tone, whereas AD&D was promoted as advancement of the mechanics. An accompanying, originally written by, allowed players to continue using the simpler ruleset beyond the early levels of play. In 1983, revisions of those sets by were released, revising the presentation of the rules to a more tutorial format. These were followed by (1983), (1985), and (1986) sets.

Each set covered game play for more powerful characters than the previous. The first four sets were compiled in 1991 as a single hardcover book, the, which was released alongside a new.

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition was published in 1989, again as three core rulebooks; the primary designer was David 'Zeb' Cook. The Monster Manual was replaced by the, a loose-leaf binder that was subsequently replaced by the hardcover in 1993.

In 1995, the core rulebooks were slightly revised, although still referred to by TSR as the 2nd Edition, and a series of Player's Option manuals were released as optional rulebooks. The release of AD&D 2nd Edition deliberately excluded some aspects of the game that had attracted negative publicity. References to demons and devils, sexually suggestive artwork, and playable, evil-aligned character types – such as assassins and half-orcs – were removed. The edition moved away from a theme of 1960s and 1970s 'sword and sorcery' fantasy fiction to a mixture of medieval history and mythology. The rules underwent minor changes, including the addition of non-weapon proficiencies – skill-like abilities that originally appeared in 1st Edition supplements.

The game's magic spells were divided into schools and spheres. A major difference was the promotion of various game settings beyond that of traditional fantasy. This included blending fantasy with other genres, such as horror (Ravenloft), science fiction (Spelljammer), and apocalyptic (Dark Sun), as well as alternative historical and non-European mythological settings.

Wizards of the Coast [ ] In 1997, a near-bankrupt TSR was purchased. Following three years of development, Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition was released in 2000. The new release folded the Basic and Advanced lines back into a single unified game. It was the largest revision of the D&D rules to date, and served as the basis for a multi-genre role-playing system designed around 20-sided dice, called the. The 3rd Edition rules were designed to be internally consistent and less restrictive than previous editions of the game, allowing players more flexibility to create the characters they wanted to play.

Skills and feats were introduced into the core rules to encourage further customization of characters. The new rules standardized the mechanics of action resolution and combat.

In 2003, Dungeons & Dragons v.3.5 was released as a revision of the 3rd Edition rules. This release incorporated hundreds of rule changes, mostly minor, and expanded the core rulebooks. In early 2005, Wizards of the Coast's R&D team started to develop Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition, prompted mainly by the feedback obtained from the D&D playing community and a desire to make the game faster, more intuitive, and with a better play experience than under the 3rd Edition.

The new game was developed through a number of design phases spanning from May 2005 until its release. Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition was announced at in August 2007, and the initial three core books were released June 6, 2008. 4th Edition streamlined the game into a simplified form and introduced numerous rules changes. Many character abilities were restructured into 'Powers'. These altered the spell-using classes by adding abilities that could be used at will, per encounter, or per day. Likewise, non-magic-using classes were provided with parallel sets of options. Software tools, including player character and monster building programs, became a major part of the game.

On January 9, 2012, Wizards of the Coast announced that it was working on a 5th edition of the game. The company planned to take suggestions from players and let them playtest the rules. Public playtesting began on May 24, 2012.

At Gen Con 2012 in August,, lead developer for 5th Edition, said that Wizards of the Coast had received feedback from more than 75,000 playtesters, but that the entire development process would take two years, adding, 'I can't emphasize this enough. We're very serious about taking the time we need to get this right.' The release of the 5th Edition, coinciding with D&D 's 40th anniversary, occurred in the second half of 2014. Acclaim and influence [ ] The game had more than three million players around the world by 1981, and copies of the rules were selling at a rate of about 750,000 per year by 1984. Beginning with a edition in 1982, Dungeons & Dragons has been translated into many languages beyond the original English. By 2004, consumers had spent more than US$1 billion on Dungeons & Dragons products and the game had been played by more than 20 million people.

As many as six million people played the game in 2007. The various editions of Dungeons & Dragons have won many, including All Time Best Roleplaying Rules of 1977, Best Roleplaying Rules of 1989, and Best Roleplaying Game of 2000 for the three flagship editions of the game. Both Dungeons & Dragons and Advanced Dungeons & Dragons are Origins Hall of Fame Games inductees as they were deemed sufficiently distinct to merit separate inclusion on different occasions. The independent magazine placed Dungeons & Dragons on their Games 100 list from 1980 through 1983, then entered the game into the magazine's Hall of Fame in 1984.

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons was ranked 2nd in the 1996 reader poll of Arcane magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time. Reviewed Dungeons & Dragons in #1, rating it a 6 out of 9.

Goldberg commented that ' Dungeons and Dragons is an impressive achievement based on the concept alone, and also must be credited with cementing the marriage between the fantasy genre and gaming.' Dungeons & Dragons was the first modern role-playing game and it established many of the conventions that have dominated the genre. Particularly notable are the use of dice as a, character record sheets, use of and gamemaster-centered group dynamics. Within months of Dungeons & Dragons's release, new role-playing game writers and publishers began releasing their own role-playing games, with most of these being in the fantasy genre. Some of the earliest other role-playing games inspired by D&D include (1975), (1975), and (1976).

The role-playing movement initiated by D&D would lead to release of the science fiction game (1977), the fantasy game (1978), and subsequent game systems such as 's (1981), (1982), (1986), and (1991). Dungeons & Dragons and the games it influenced fed back into the genre's origin – miniatures wargames – with combat strategy games like. D&D also had a large impact on modern. Director credits Dungeons & Dragons with giving him '. a really strong background in imagination, storytelling, understanding how to create tone and a sense of balance.'

Licensing [ ] Early in the game's history, TSR took no action against small publishers' production of D&D compatible material, and even licensed to produce D&D materials for several years, such as. This attitude changed in the mid-1980s when TSR took legal action to try to prevent others from publishing compatible material. This angered many fans and led to resentment by the other gaming companies. Although TSR took legal action against several publishers in an attempt to restrict third-party usage, it never brought any court cases to completion, instead settling out of court in every instance.

TSR itself ran afoul of intellectual property law in several cases. With the launch of Dungeons & Dragons's, Wizards of the Coast made the d20 System available under the (OGL) and. Under these licenses, authors were free to use the d20 System when writing games and game supplements. The OGL and d20 Trademark License made possible new games, some based on licensed products like, and new versions of older games, such as. With the release of the, Wizards of the Coast introduced its, which represented a significant restriction compared to the very open policies embodied by the OGL. In part as a response to this, some publishers (such as with its ) who previously produced materials in support of the D&D product line, decided to continue supporting the 3rd Edition rules, thereby competing directly with Wizards of the Coast.

Others, such as, are returning to the practice of publishing unlicensed supplements and arguing that copyright law does not allow Wizards of the Coast to restrict third-party usage. During the 2000s, there has been a trend towards reviving and recreating older editions of D&D, known as the. Game systems based on earlier editions of D&D.

(2004), by, is a reimagining of early editions by streamlining rules from OGL. This in turn inspired the creation of, games which more closely recreate the original rule sets, using material placed under the OGL along with non-copyrightable mechanical aspects of the older rules to create a new presentation of the games. Alongside the publication of the fifth edition, Wizards of the Coast established a two-pronged licensing approach.

The core of the fifth edition rules have been made available under the OGL, while publishers and independent creators have also been given the opportunity to create licensed materials directly for Dungeons & Dragons and associated properties like the Forgotten Realms under a program called the DM's Guild. The DM's Guild does not function under the OGL, but uses a community agreement intended to foster liberal cooperation between the content creators. Controversy and notoriety [ ]. Main article: At various times in its history, Dungeons & Dragons has received negative publicity, in particular from some groups, for alleged promotion of such practices as,, suicide, and murder, and for the presence of naked breasts in drawings of female humanoids in the original AD&D manuals (mainly monsters such as,, etc.). These controversies led TSR to remove many potentially controversial references and artwork when releasing the 2nd Edition of AD&D.

Many of these references, including the use of the names ' and ', were reintroduced in the 3rd edition. The over the game led to problems for fans of D&D who faced social ostracism, unfair treatment, and false association with the occult and, regardless of an individual fan's actual religious affiliation and beliefs. Dungeons & Dragons has been the subject of rumors regarding players having difficulty separating fantasy from reality, even leading to episodes. The most notable of these was the saga of, the facts of which were fictionalized in the novel and later made into a.

The game was blamed for some of the actions of, who was convicted in 1990 of murdering his stepfather. Research by various psychologists, the first being that of Armando Simon, has concluded that no harmful effects are related to the playing of D&D. The game's commercial success was a factor that led to regarding distribution of between original creators Gygax and Arneson. Gygax later became embroiled in a political struggle for control of TSR which culminated in a court battle and Gygax's decision to sell his ownership interest in the company in 1985. Related products [ ]. Main article: D&D grew in popularity through the late 1970s and 1980s.

Numerous games, films, and cultural references based on D&D or D&D-like fantasies, characters or adventures have been ubiquitous since the end of the 1970s. D&D players are (sometimes pejoratively) portrayed as the epitome of, and have become the basis of much geek and gamer humor and satire. Include Pulitzer Prize winning author, professional basketball player, comedian, and actors and. D&D and its fans have been the subject of spoof films, including and. See also [ ]. Rulebooks and Sets. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

• ^ • ^ • ^ introduction • 'Frankly, the difference in sales between Wizards and all other producers of roleplaying games is so staggering that even saying there is an 'RPG industry' at all may be generous.' Cook; 'The Open Game License as I see it'. • ^ Gygax; 'From the Sorcerer's Scroll' in The Dragon #26. • ^ Slavicsek; Ampersand: Exciting News!

• Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. Archived from on 2014-05-21.

Retrieved 2013-05-20. • According to a 1999 survey in the United States, 6% of 12- to 35-year-olds have played role-playing games. Of those who play regularly, two thirds play D&D. (Dancey; Adventure Game Industry Market Research Summary) • Products branded Dungeons & Dragons made up over fifty percent of the RPG products sold in 2005. (Hite; State of the Industry 2005) • ^ Waters; What happened to Dungeons and Dragons? • ^ Waldron; Role-Playing Games and the Christian Right • Waskul, Lust; 'Role-Playing and Playing Roles' in Caliber 27 (3) • Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 268 • Bethke, Erik (2003).

Game development and production. Wordware Game Developer's Library. Wordware Publishing, Inc. • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p.

5 • ^ 'The Role-Playing Game and the Game of Role-Playing' • Spade, Joan Z.; Ballantine, Jeanne H. 'Meso-Level Agents of Gender Socialization'. Pine Forge Press. • 'Encounters are to adventures what adventures are to campaigns' (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 129) •, p. 245. • ^ Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 4 •, p. 245–46.

• Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 293 •, p. 246. • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p.

98 • Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide p. 114 • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 114 • Mohan; Wilderness Survival Guide • Tweet; Dungeons & Dragons Basic game p.

32 • Wizards of the Coast; What is D&D? • Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 363 • The original game used 3d6 in the order rolled (Gygax, Arneson; Dungeons & Dragons). Variants have since been included (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 11) and the standard for 3rd edition is 'rolling four six-sided dice, ignoring the lowest die, and totaling the other three' (Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook [3.0], p. 4), arranging the results in any order desired. 4th edition allows for a 'point buy' system.

• Tweet; Dungeons & Dragons Basic Game p. 24 • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 62 • ^ Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 136 • 'Generally, when you are subject to an unusual or magical attack, you get a saving throw to avoid or reduce the effect.' There is identical language in sections titled 'Saving Throws' in (Tweet 2000:119). • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook (3.0), pp. 119–120 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p.

197 • Early editions did not allow or had severe penalties for changing alignment (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 24) but more recent versions are more allowing of change. (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 134) • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 59 • Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p.

84 • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 58 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 46 • Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 145 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p.

289 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 296 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p.

41 • Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 43 • 'A D&D campaign is an organized framework. To provide a realistic setting for a series of fantastic adventures.' (; Rules Cyclopedia, p. 256) • 'It is important to distinguish between a campaign and a world, since the terms often seem to be used interchangeably.

A world is a fictional place in which a campaign is set. It's also often called a campaign setting.' (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 129) • Williams; Dungeon Master Option: High Level Campaigns, p. 45 • Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p.

23 • The first Dungeon Masters Guide gave only a quarter of a page out of a total 240 pages to discussing the option use of miniatures. (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 10) • Pope; Grenadier Models • Scott; Otherworld • Pope; Ral Partha • Pope; TSR • Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design; List of Winners (2002) • ^ Arneson; 'My Life and Role Playing' in Different Worlds #3 • Kushner; Dungeon Master: The Life and Legacy of Gary Gygax • ^ Wizards of the Coast; The History of TSR • Witwer, Michael (2015). Empire of the Imagination: Gary Gygax and the Birth of Dungeons & Dragons. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.. • Grigg; Albert Goes Narrative Contracting • ^ Schick; Heroic Worlds, pp. 17–34 • Kuntz; 'Tolkien in Dungeons & Dragons' in Dragon #13 • ^ Gygax; 'On the Influence of J.

Tolkien on the D&D and AD&D games' in Dragon #95 • Drout; 'J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia', p 229 •. Retrieved 2014-01-10.

• Gygax; 'The Dungeons and Dragons Magic System' in The Strategic Review, Vol. 2 • ^ DeVarque; Literary Sources of D&D • The first seven listed here are the 'most immediate influences'.

(Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. Redirect Usb To Virtual Com Port more. 224) • Carroll, Bart; Winter, Steve (2009-02-06).. • Peterson, Jon (2012). Playing at the World.

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• ^ Ward; 'The Games Wizards: Angry Mothers From Heck (And what we do about them)' in Dragon #154 • Cook; Player's Handbook (1989), pp. 25–41 • Pryor, Herring, Tweet, Richie; • Appelcline, Shannon (August 3, 2006).. A Brief History of Game. Archived from on August 24, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2006. The idea of acquiring TSR began to swim in my mind it took me maybe thirty seconds to decide, We've got to do a third edition of Dungeons & Dragons.' ( in Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. • Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p.

273 • Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, pp. 255–263 • 'Countdown to 3rd Edition: Feats and Fighters' in Dragon #270 • ^ Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 4 • Carter, et al.;, pp. 6–9 • ^ Svensson; Dungeons & Dragons reborn • Harnish, MJ (January 9, 2012)... Retrieved January 9, 2012. • Gilsdorf, Ethan (January 9, 2012)...

Retrieved January 9, 2012. • Mearls, Mike (January 9, 2012)... Archived from on December 25, 2012.

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Lyons Press.. • Gygax, Gary. Roleplaying Mastery. New York: Perigee, 1987.. • Gygax, Gary.

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In Carley, Robert. Coopting Culture.

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Dungeon Master for Dummies. Wiley Publishing.. • Wagner, James (March 29, 2000)... Archived from on March 12, 2005. An article about the conflict over the proprietary or open-source nature of Dungeons & Dragons.

• – a list of academic articles about RPGs • External links [ ].