The on, painted. Following the decline of the, Naples was captured by the, a, and incorporated into the. Long Branch No4 Mk1 Serial Numbers. However, of the recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via the. As the of the mid-6th century wore on, briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths in 543, before, finally, the on the slopes of left the Byzantines in control of the area. Naples was expected to keep in contact with the, which was the centre of Byzantine power on the. After the fell, a was created. Although Naples’ culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from to under Duke, putting it under by 763.

The years between 818 and 832 were tumultuous in regard to Naples’ relations with the, with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne. Was appointed without imperial approval; this was later revoked and took his place. However, the disgruntled general populace chased him from the city, and instead elected, a man who minted coins with his own initials, rather than those of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by the early 9th century.

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The duchy was under the direct control of the for a brief period, after the capture by of the, a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated. By the 11th century, Naples had begun to hire merecenaries, the Christian descendants of the, to battle their rivals; Duke hired to wage war on Capua for him. By 1137, the Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as,,,, and; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy,, was forced to surrender to, who had proclaimed himself seven years earlier; Naples thus joined the, where was the capital.

Kingdom of Naples Norman to Angevin. The, seat of the medieval kings of Naples. After a period of Norman rule, the went to the, a German. The, the oldest state university in the world, was founded by, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.

Conflict between the Hohenstaufens and the led in 1266 to crowning the duke King of Sicily: Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples, where he resided at the. During this period, many examples of sprang up around Naples, including the, which remains the city’s main church. In 1282, after the, the Kingdom of Sicily was split in half. The Angevin included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of became the. Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the in 1302, which saw recognized as king of Sicily, while was recognised as king of Naples. Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting and merchants, bankers, and some of the most prominent artists of the time, such as, and. During the 14th century, the Angevin king captured the city several times.

In 1442, conquered Naples after his victory against the last king,, and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period. Aragonese to Bourbon. On the beach in Naples, a 19th-century painting. Eventually, the Republicans conquered and proclaimed a, secured by the. A religious army of lazzaroni known as the under was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to. Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years conquered the kingdom and installed kings, including his brother.

With the help of the and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the, and Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom. The in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the, with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a, with the construction of the. Italian unification and the present day After the led by, which culminated in the controversial, Naples became part of the in 1861 as part of the, ending the era of Bourbon rule. The kingdom of the had been wealthy, and as many as 443.2 million were taken from the old kingdom’s banks as a contribution to the new Italian. The economy of the area formerly known as the Two Sicilies collapsed, leading to an unprecedented, with an estimated 4 million people emigrating from the Naples area between 1876 and 1913. One of the arterial streets of the historic city centre. Fundamentals Of Financial Management 11th Edition Brigham Houston Solution Manual.

In 1884, Naples fell victim to a major epidemic, caused largely by the city’s poor infrastructure. Government measures to improve sanitary conditions in the Neapolitan slums in 1885 proved largely ineffective. During the early 20th century, efforts to industrialise the city were likewise hampered by administrative corruption and a lack of infrastructure. Facing a slumping economy, many poorer Neapolitans emigrated northwards, or headed overseas to the and. Naples was the Italian city of. Though Neapolitans did not rebel under, Naples was the first Italian city to; the city was completely freed by 1 October 1943, when British and American forces entered the city.

The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of, which had been destroyed in a bombing raid. Special funding from the Italian government’s was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the being renovated. However, high and continue to affect Naples; Italian media have attributed the city’s waste disposal issues to the activity of the network. In 2007, ‘s government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems. However, the had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems. By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation. In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion and illicit contract tendering emerged in relation to the city’s waste management issues.

Naples hosted the 63rd in October 2012, and will also be the host of the 2013. The city additionally hosted the 6th in September 2012.

Architecture See also, Historic Centre of Naples Type Cultural ii, iv Reference Inscription history Inscription 1995 (19th ). The, one of Naples’ largest public squares. Naples’ 2,800-year-history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins. The most prominent forms of architecture visible in present-day Naples are the, and styles. The historic centre of Naples is listed by as a. Naples has a total of 448 historical churches, making it one of the most cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship. Piazzas, palaces and castles See also, The main city square or of the city is the.

Its construction was begun by the Bonapartist king and finished by the Bourbon king. The piazza bounded on the east by the and on the west by the church of, with the colonnades extending on both sides. Nearby is the, which is the oldest and largest in Italy. Directly across from San Carlo is, a and social hub.

Naples is well known for its historic castles: the ancient, also known as Maschio, is one of the city’s foremost landmarks; it was built during the time of, the first. Castel Nuovo has seen many notable historical events: for example, in 1294, resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this was elected pope by the cardinal, before moving to Rome. The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman-founded (“Egg Castle”), which was built on the tiny of Megarides, where the original colonists had founded the city. The third Neapolitan castle of note is, which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a. During the uprising of in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant’Elmo to escape the revolutionaries. The, home of the.

Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The is one of the city’s main museums, with one of the most extensive collections of of the in the world. It also houses many of the antiques unearthed at and, as well as some artifacts from the and periods.

Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the is another museum of note. Paintings from the 13th to the 18th centuries, including major works by,,,,, and. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th-century furniture and a collection of and from the various royal residences: the famous once stood just adjacent to the palace. In front of the stands the, which contains the. Occupying a 19th-century palazzo renovated by the Portuguese architect, the Museo d’Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina (MADRE) features an procession of permanent installations by artists such as,, and. Churches and religious structures See also: and. The Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in central Naples.

Naples is the seat of the, and the is highly important to the populace; there are hundreds of churches in the city. The is the city’s premier place of worship; each year on September 19, it hosts the longstanding Miracle of, the city’s. During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy said to be of his body. Below is a selective list of Naples’ major churches, chapels, monastery complexes and other religious structures. Aside from the Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples has two other major public squares: the and the. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious, but in 1866, after the, four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons. The is a Renaissance-era for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667.

It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the started. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital. Subterranean Naples. Main article: lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major zone. There are also a number of ancient reservoirs dug out from the soft on which, and from which, much of the city is built.

Approximately one kilometer of the many kilometers of tunnels under the city can be visited from the, situated in the historic centre of the city in. There are also large in and around the city, and other landmarks such as the, the main cistern serving the during Roman times.

This system of tunnels and cisterns covers most of the city and lies approximately thirty metres below ground level. Moisture levels are around 70%. During, these tunnels were used as, and there are inscriptions in the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era.

Parks, gardens and villas. The and its garden. Of the various in Naples, the most prominent are the, which was built by the Bourbon king in the 1780s, and the Bosco di Capodimonte, the city’s largest verdant space. Another important park is the, which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of; beyond Nisida lie and. Parco Virgiliano was named after, the classical Roman who is thought to be nearby.

Naples is noted for its numerous stately, such as the, built in 1816. Surroundings The islands of (which was used as the set for much of the film ), and can all be reached from Naples by and ferries. And the are situated south of the city, while the Roman ruins of, and, which were destroyed in the eruption of in 79 AD, are also visible nearby. Naples lies near the volcanic area known as the and the port towns of and, which were part of a vast Roman naval facility,. UNESCO World Heritage Site In 1995, the historic centre of Naples was listed by as a, a programme which aims to catalogue and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the.

The UNESCO evaluation committee described Naples’ centre as being “of exceptional value”, and went on to say that Naples’ setting on the “gives it an outstanding universal value which has had a profound influence”. Geography The city is situated on the country’s west coast by the, in. Lying between two notable regions, and the (: Phlegraean Fields). Quarters The thirty quarters ( ) of Naples are listed below. For administrative purposes, these thirty neighbourhoods are grouped together into ten governmental community boards. Climate Naples has a (: Csa), with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The mild climate and fertility of the made the region famous during Roman times, when emperors such as and holidayed near the city.

The of Naples. Naples is Italy’s fourth-largest economy after, and, and is the world’s 103rd-largest urban economy by, with an estimated 2008 of US$51 billion. Naples is a major, and the is one of the Mediterranean’s biggest and most important. The city has experienced significant economic growth since World War II, but joblessness remains a major problem, and the city is characterized by high levels of and. Naples is a major national and international destination, being one of Italy and Europe’s top tourist cities. Tourists began visiting Naples in the 18th century, during the.

In terms of international arrivals, Naples was the 166th-most-visited city in the world in 2008, with 381,000 visitors (a 1.6% decrease from the previous year), coming after, but overtaking,, and.

Renato Carosone is regarded as the father of Neapolitan singing, bringing elements of jazz and swing into traditional, Italian songbook. Carsone was born on January 3, 1920, and started his singing career at the age of 17 after studying piano at a conservatory. He was best known for his 1956 hit about postwar Italy, 'Tu Vo' Fa l'Americano, which translates to 'You Want to Play the American.' Other hit songs of Carosone's include 'Maruzzella' and 'O Sarracino.' Though he revolutionized the genre in his home country, he also internationalized Italian song. His songs were featured in the soundtracks of Martin Scorcese's Mean Streets and the 1999 film The Talented Mr.

Carosone passed away in May of 2001, as a result of complications surrounding a long-term respiratory illness. He passed in his sleep, at his home in Rome, with his family by his side.

~ Diana Potts • ORIGIN Naples, Italy • BORN January 3, 1920.